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La pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ha marcado un nuevo episodio en el Perú en los últimos días, el cual —lejos de estar relacionado con una nueva variante— destaca otra de las enfermedades crónicas que la sociedad peruana ha desarrollado en las últimas décadas: la falta de previsión. Esto último se ha visto reflejado en que, a puertas de cumplirse un año desde que se detectó el primer caso de Covid-19 en el país y de haberse impuesto una rígida cuarentena, persisten muchas de las carencias que se tuvieron desde los primeros meses de la pandemia, como la falta de oxígeno.
Y es así que durante las dos últimas semanas se ha podido ver, en todo el territorio nacional, los dramas de miles de familias haciendo colas, incluso por días, para conseguir recargar el tan preciado balón de oxígeno medicinal. A esto se suma el reclamo de las autoridades locales y regionales, así como del personal médico, hacia el Gobierno Central para instarlo a transferir o acelerar la producción de plantas, tanques y balones de oxígeno en sus respectivas localidades. Esto debido a que, de acuerdo con los especialistas, hoy las personas mueren ya no por la letalidad del virus o por la carencia de una cama UCI para su internamiento, sino por el desabastecimiento generalizado de oxígeno tanto en los centros privados como en los hospitales.
Al cierre de esta edición, según el Reporte de Nivel de Riesgo, solo hay oxígeno medicinal para 2,2 días a nivel nacional, incluso sumando la producción de los gobiernos regionales, EsSalud, el MINSA, el sector privado, las Fuerzas Armadas y la Policía Nacional del Perú. Esto coloca al Perú en un nivel de alto riesgo, parámetro que indica que la disponibilidad de este recurso se encuentra entre 24 y 72 horas.
Sin embargo, si los datos son sectorizados por regiones, el panorama es distinto. Callao, Huánuco, Loreto, San Martín, Ucayali y Tacna se encuentran con un nivel de muy alto riesgo, lo que indica que la disponibilidad de oxígeno medicinal solo alcanza para 24 horas. En tanto, Lima Metropolitana y Lima región, Piura, Pasco, Apurímac, Cusco e Ica solo tienen disponibilidad hasta un máximo de 72 horas.
Aunque los niveles de producción de oxígeno se han aumentado considerablemente en los últimos meses, su consumo también lo ha hecho, al punto de que, según afirmaciones del Gobierno, en las últimas semanas ha habido un déficit de oxígeno diario de alrededor 110 toneladas. Pese a que esta brecha se ha ido acortando gracias a las donaciones internaciones, la diferencia sigue siendo superior a las 50 toneladas diarias.
Falta de previsión
La COVID-19 asaltó al sistema sanitario peruano con múltiples carencias, muchas de las cuales son propias del sistema. Sin embargo, a lo largo de la evolución de la enfermedad, por necesidad, el sistema de salud amplió su base logística, tanto en capital humano, como en equipos médicos necesarios para afrontar los efectos de la pandemia.
Pese a que hubo un leve momento de calma durante los meses de septiembre, octubre y noviembre, con el descenso de la letal curva, no se abastecieron gases médicos a las unidades de la primera línea. Tampoco se logró entregar en su totalidad las plantas prometidas por el Gobierno debido a retrasos administrativos. Este es el caso de la planta de oxígeno para la región Pasco, la cual estaba programada para que inicie operaciones en enero. Sin embargo, según declaraciones del director regional de Salud, Alcedo Jorges Melgarejo, la planta no estará operativa sino hasta marzo, debido a “inconvenientes administrativos en el Minsa y la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería”.
La concentración del oxígeno
A inicios de la pandemia, según la Defensoría del Pueblo, el mercado de la producción de oxígeno estaba —y continúa— entre dos entes: el grupo alemán Linde Praxier, que tiene entre el 82% y 85% de producción, y la empresa americana Air Products, que posee entre el 15% y 18% de producción. Ambas empresas son las productoras de oxígeno para el sector industrial, que era el principal destino, y el sector médico, que ocupaba un segundo puesto en prioridad. Además, son las empresas matrices de los mayores abastecedores de oxígeno medicinal al estado. Es por esta razón que, durante los primeros meses —y hasta ahora—, los precios de los balones de oxígeno llegaron a montos exorbitantes, entre 6 000 y 8 000 soles, así como la recarga.
A pesar de que el Gobierno ha implementado ya algunas plantas de oxígeno en varias regiones del país y ha dotado de tanques a algunos hospitales —sin olvidar las contribuciones de la sociedad civil y la misma Iglesia Católica—, la masificación del oxígeno medicinal no es una realidad aún. Y, según los datos, no lo será aún corto período de tiempo.
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