- El arte de salir adelante en tiempos de pandemia - 25 de marzo de 2021
El Día del Artesano se celebró el 19 de marzo. Se trata de una actividad productiva que involucra arte popular, identidad y diseño, con una gran variedad de líneas artesanales: textilería, joyería, cerámica, imaginería, tallado, fibras vegetales, máscaras, juguetes, imaginería, prendas y accesorios, bisutería, entre otras. Sin duda, un trabajo creativo que permite preservar nuestra cultura y tradiciones, y que hoy se ha visto sumamente afectado por la Covid-19.
Según el Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo (Mincetur), existen 90 416 artesanas y artesanos inscritos en el Registro Nacional del Artesano (RNA), de los cuales el 74% son mujeres y el 26% son hombres. Es decir, se trata de un sector caracterizado por el trabajo femenino que, en muchos casos, permite desarrollar habilidades creativas, de emprendimiento y confianza en ellas mismas.
La emergencia sanitaria impidió los viajes por turismo y esto a su vez generó una paralización en la venta de productos artesanales, ubicando a estas personas en un estado sumamente vulnerable. Sin embargo, lo que nunca faltó fue el ánimo por salir adelante. Si bien el comercio se detuvo, los artesanos y artesanas no dejaron de producir.
El Estado buscó apoyar a esta población vulnerable ofreciendo bonos no reembolsables a través del programa “Turismo Emprende” donde 7 mil artesanos y guías oficiales de turismo se vieron beneficiados. Si bien estos apoyos sirven de mucho, aún no son suficientes.
El mercado artesanal ha cambiado radicalmente. El coronavirus es una amenaza para los miles de artesanos que han dejado de vender en ferias, mercados u otro espacio físico y es necesario considerar el desarrollo de nuevos productos para el consumidor post-pandemia, respetar todos los protocolos de bioseguridad, aprender a usar nuevas tecnologías y, sobre todo, desarrollar una nueva logística para producir y comercializar. Esto último cobra gran relevancia, si antes era complicado el transporte, ahora el reto es mayor debido a las restricciones y medidas focalizadas en cada departamento para frenar el contagio de la Covid-19.
Según Mincetur, las regiones con mayor número de artesanos son Cusco (15 619), Puno (11 361), Cajamarca (7 358), Piura (7 033). Esta última ciudad arrastra las consecuencias del fenómeno El Niño ocurrido en marzo de 2017. La “Asociación Tejiendo Esperanza Nuevo San Pablo” es un claro ejemplo de superación que se conformó por ochenta mujeres luego de este desastre natural. Ellas solían trabajar con paja toquilla y creaban accesorios como sombreros, carteras, entre otras piezas utilitarias. Desde siempre estas mujeres han trabajado por cuenta propia con el apoyo de sus redes familiares, esta forma de producir se combina con la producción para su Asociación que antes de pandemia recibía ciertos pedidos en volúmenes considerables o vendían en puntos estratégicos como Catacaos que hoy se encuentra estancado a nivel comercial por el coronavirus.
Bajo sus condiciones, hoy es muy difícil hablar de negocio porque al atender el día a día la supervivencia contra la pandemia, luchar con los sobrecostos y los sobretiempos, son demasiadas las limitaciones que existen. Por ello, es necesario pensar en un apoyo multidisciplinario que permita complementar enfoques, adecuar metodologías y actuar con la empatía y comprensión necesaria para colaborar con esta población.
Así como esta asociación, existen muchas más no solo en el norte del país, sino en la sierra y la selva. Los emprendimientos individuales y colectivos de este tipo de agrupaciones son posibles en la medida que las participantes avanzan en confiar en sí mismas y reducen su aversión al riesgo de intentarlo. Esto se manifiesta en optimismo y seguridad personal para asumir los retos de un posible negocio.
Si desde antes de la pandemia ya habían empezado a desarrollar su espíritu emprendedor, es necesario que el Estado y la sociedad civil ofrezcan mejores condiciones y apoyo, más allá del económico, para que logren continuar con el arte de salir adelante y sean creadoras de nuevos futuros para ellas y sus familias.
Un inicio para continuar con las acciones positivas del trabajo artesanal es no dejar de promover los pequeños pedidos que fortalecen su trabajo en equipo desde la individualidad productiva hasta su asociatividad comercial. Aún el consumidor nacional y local suele preferir objetos de producción en serie, masificados e industrializados; sería un gran apoyo el empezar a valorar y optar por compras artesanales, únicas y con valor agregado de preservar nuestra cultura, tradición y ser elaboradas por estas mujeres.
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