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A Micaela le gustaba invitar a sus amigas a jugar cuando era niña. Recuerda que tenía 10 años cuando le dijeron que alguna vez, cuando sea grande, se convertiría en mamá. Pero esa predicción no era lejana pues, tan solo 5 años después, le daba la bienvenida a su primer hijo. En la actualidad, Micaela trabaja y ayuda a su pequeño Renato, como le dice de cariño, a pagar el ciclo de la universidad. Nos comenta que recién pudo saber sobre el uso de anticonceptivos en sus primeras visitas al ginecólogo siendo una mujer adulta.
A las amigas de Cristina no les gustaba preguntar ni hablar sobre sexualidad y preferían quedarse con la duda. Pero no a Cristina, quien hacía todas las interrogantes posibles y principalmente, porque quería ser doctora cuando creciera y necesitaba empezar desde pequeña. Sin embargo, por más información que tuviera a la mano, Cristina adaptaba su cuarto y cambiaría pañales a los 16 años cuando su hijo llegó en diciembre del 2005.
Ambas mujeres coinciden que los temas de sexualidad no los obtuvieron de la mano de sus padres, ni en el colegio, ni muchos menos de un profesional de salud. Ambas estudiaron en un colegio religioso y hablar o pensar en sexo estaba prohibido y estaba mal visto. Su única fuente de información era el internet o las experiencias que escucharan de sus amigas. Ambas fueron madres adolescentes, una situación que en el Perú no es inusual. De acuerdo a la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar – ENDES, en el 2017, el 13.4% de las mujeres entre los 15 y 19 años estuvieron embarazadas. La situación en los hombres de la misma edad, y en el mismo periodo, cambia: menos del 1% son padres.
Cifras y riesgos
Se conoce que las principales consecuencias cuando se produce un embarazo adolescente es el abandono o retraso en la escuela, la reducción de expectativas laborales, un aumento en los riesgos de la salud y un porcentaje de vulnerabilidad en la sobrevivencia de la madre y el niño/a como sucesos constantes.
Además, en el Acuerdo de Gobernabilidad 2016-2021, se alertó sobre la situación de riesgo de miles de adolescentes de nuestro país; quienes corren el peligro de permanecer en la pobreza y exclusión social debido a una maternidad y paternidad “no planificada”.
Las cifras que arrojaron el Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS) reportaron que, anualmente, aproximadamente 2 mil partos son atendidos en los establecimientos de salud en niñas entre 11 y 14 años de edad, una situación y riesgos que el Estado debería contemplar.
Las situaciones de riesgo en el mundo son alarmantes. El último informe de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) arrojó que las complicaciones durante el embarazo y el parto son la segunda causa de muerte entre las muchachas de 15 a19 años en todo el mundo.
Acciones Gubernamentales
Se conoce que, de acuerdo a políticas de Estado, en los establecimientos de salud del Ministerio de Salud (Minsa) existen servicios que se ofrecen en ambientes exclusivos y en horarios preferentes, para la atención de adolescentes. Sin embargo, estos servicios han visto la necesidad de disminuir sus atenciones por la pandemia.
Desde el Minsa se conoció también que durante el primer semestre 2020, solo se atendió al 67% de la población a nivel nacional, si se compara con el mismo periodo del 2019. Esto representa un alto porcentaje de desatención en la población adolescente y por lo tanto una vulnerabilidad a que los embarazos adolescentes incrementen mientras dure la pandemia.
¿Qué se necesita?
Consideramos que los adolescentes tienen derecho a recibir información clara, atención médica y métodos anticonceptivos de forma gratuita en centros de salud y hospitales públicos de todo el país. En el Programa Presupuestal de Salud Materno Neonatal del 2016, el presupuesto vinculado al Plan representó el 0.9% en relación al conjunto de intervenciones del sector salud y según el análisis de la Mesa de Concertación para la Lucha contra la Pobreza (MCLCP) la inversión por adolescente es de 5 soles aproximadamente, presupuesto que debería ser reconsiderado, a pesar de la pandemia.
Es necesario también que los jóvenes sean considerados en el acompañamiento durante esta etapa que les permita acceder a consulta médicas con quien quisieran: padres, amigos, pareja o solos, y deben ser atendidos en un espacio de confidencialidad, oportunidad importante para despejar sus dudas.
Pero sobre todo alcanzar la mejora en el flujo de información desde la consejería en los centros de salud vigentes para brindar la adecuada atención en el uso correcto de la anticoncepción, prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual, cuidados para el ejercicio de una sexualidad libre y plena, relaciones de género”, ejercicio de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos, y la posibilidad del acceso a la interrupción legal del embarazo, un tema de controversia en nuestro país, que es considerado laico.
Redacción: Página en Blanco.
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