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El pasado 25 de noviembre se conmemoró el Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Violencia contra la Mujer. Si bien cada año se toma mayor conciencia de este problema en el país, las cifras de víctimas aún no han disminuido.
Solo de enero a septiembre de este año ha habido 133 678 casos de violencia contra la mujer, según la Dirección de Salud Mental del Ministerio de Salud (Minsa). Y esto solo es, como se diría en términos coloquiales, “la punta del iceberg”, pues ese número solo es la cantidad de casos atendidos por esta institución, considerando que la mayoría de estos hechos no se denuncian.
La ministra de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables, Silvia Loli, da una cifra mucho más alarmante: al menos 20 millones de personas en el país están relacionadas directa e indirectamente con la violencia hacia la mujer. De acuerdo con Loli, si bien el 60% de mujeres peruanas sufrió alguna vez un acto que atenta contra su vida o dignidad, solo un 28% de víctimas se atreven a denunciar.
Vanessa Herrera, psiquiatra Dirección de Salud Mental del Minsa, señala que, a los daños físico propios de un acto de agresión, se suman las secuelas mentales que impactan a largo plazo. Precisa que, entre estos efectos, se encuentran episodios de estrés agudo, depresión, ansiedad, pánico, intento suicida, problemas por consumo de alcohol y drogas, trastornos de estrés postraumático y suicidio consumado.
Además, indica que esta violencia puede ocasionar daños físicos, como fracturas, golpes, infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), embarazo no deseado, aborto y otros efectos nocivos.
Apurímac, el departamento con mayor incidencia
Conforme a las cifras del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI), Apurímac es el departamento que tiene la más alta prevalencia de casos de violencia contra la mujer. El 90% de mujeres en esta parte del país admite haber vivido una situación de violencia, pero los casos que llegan a ser denunciados son mínimos.
Muchas veces ocurre porque la información no está disponible, no se conocen los derechos, hay baja autoestima en la mujer o la dependencia económica no le permite una salida.
Violencia económica
Aunque quizás es uno de las clases menos conocida, la violencia económica es mucho más común de lo que se cree. De hecho, una de las razones por las que muchas mujeres no denuncian violencia doméstica es porque dependen económicamente de su agresor.
En ese sentido, la titular del MIMP, Silvia Loli, comenta que se necesita promover una igualdad de oportunidades y la autonomía económica. “Sabemos que las mujeres peruanas son luchadoras, hacen de todo para obtener recursos, pero aún es un problema que solo ganen el 70% de lo que cualquier varón ganaría por la misma tarea”, manifestó.
Machismo y sexismo, inculcados
En las familias peruanas muchas veces se inculca el machismo y el sexismo en los niños y niñas, casi siempre de manera inconsciente. Detalla que, muchas veces, a las niñas se les forma para soportar, callar aguantar; se les enseña a pensar que perderán el tiempo si denuncian, que no lograrán nada o que podría pasarles algo si lo hacen.
La ministra asegura que Perú es un país estructuralemte desigual porque trata a las mujeres de forma diferente. Uno de los grandes retos es también cambiar la percepción de esta realidad. Por ejemplo, detalle que, en la prensa, se difunden fotografías de los rostros de mujeres adoloridos, maltratados. “Esto atenta contra la dignidad de las personas. Quizá en el momento de la denuncia se deja tomar la foto, pero eso quedará por siempre y ella tiene hijos, padres, hermanos. En algún momento ella misma va a querer rehacer su vida”, asevera.
En ese sentido, Loli cree que la sociedad necesita transformarse completamente al respecto. Dice que se deben cambiar los modos que los peruanos tienen de ver y valorar a las mujeres.
Centros de atención y asistencia
La ministra reconoce que falta fortalecer los servicios en el Poder Judicial. Esto es así porque cerca de 6000 jueces de paz necesitan ser capacitados y actualizados en temas de protección de los derechos de la mujer. Pese a que ya hay muchos centros de atención y asistencia, muchos jueces no saben que tienen la potestad de dar medidas de protección inmediata, aun cuando la ley lo indica.
En el país ya existen Centros de Emergencia Mujer (CEM) en todas las provincias. Además, se siguen implementando en cada una de las comisarías.
Cabe señalar que los problemas de salud mental, que afectan al bienestar de las mujeres que han sido víctimas de violencia, son tratados mediante los 200 centros de salud mental comunitarios que hay en Perú. Estos establecimientos tienen como fin dar soporte a las mujeres violentadas.
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